Willys MB and Ford GPW
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Willys MB and Ford GPW

正文介绍

车辆背景与资料

Willys MB（/ˈwɪlɪs/）和Ford GPW，正式名称均为美国陆军卡车，1/4吨，4×4，指挥侦察车，通常被称为Willys Jeep、Jeep或吉普，有时也根据其标准陆军车辆供应编号G-503来指代，是极为成功的美国越野轻型军用多用途车辆。从1941年到1945年，超过60万辆按照单一标准化设计制造，供美国和盟军在第二次世界大战中使用。这也使其成为世界上第一款大规模生产的四轮驱动汽车，产量达到六位数。

这款1/4吨吉普车成为美国及其盟军主要的轻型轮式多用途车辆。约64万辆的产量，使得1/4吨吉普车占到美国战时生产的军用支援车辆总数的四分之一，若与Dodge WC系列合计，在生产的98.8万辆轻型四轮驱动车辆中占比近三分之二。大量吉普车被提供给美国的盟友，包括当时的苏联。除了大量的1.5吨和2.5吨卡车，以及25,000辆3/4吨Dodge卡车外，约50,000辆1/4吨吉普船运至俄罗斯以协助其对抗纳粹德国，而德国的Kübelwagens（吉普车的主要对应车型）总产量仅略超50,000辆。

历史学家Charles K. Hyde写道：“在许多方面，吉普车成为第二次世界大战的标志性车辆，其坚固、耐用和多功能性几乎带有神话般的声誉。”它成为美军的主力，取代了马匹、其他役畜和摩托车，承担从传令和骑兵单位到补给运输的一切任务。此外，临时的战地改装使吉普车能够胜任士兵们能想到的几乎所有其他功能。吉普车被世界各国军队采用，以至于成为历史上使用最广泛、最易识别的军用车辆类型。

第二次世界大战期间，盟军远征军最高司令Dwight D. Eisenhower在其回忆录中写道，大多数高级军官将其视为在非洲和欧洲取得成功的五件最关键装备之一。战时美国陆军参谋长George Marshall将军称该车辆为“美国对现代战争最伟大的贡献”。1991年，MB吉普车被美国机械工程师学会指定为“国际历史机械工程地标”。

二战后，最初的吉普车继续服役，在朝鲜战争和其他冲突中使用，直到被M38 Willys MC（1949年）和M38A1 Willys MD（1952年）更新，并由Ford以1960年推出的M151吉普车形式进行了彻底重新设计。然而，其影响远不止于此——世界各地的制造商开始生产吉普车和类似设计，无论是授权还是非授权——最初主要为军事目的，但后来也面向民用市场。Willys将MB转变为民用CJ吉普车，从1945年的CJ-2A开始，生产了世界上第一款大规模生产的民用四轮驱动车。“Jeep”名称被注册为商标，并发展成为一个成功且极具价值的品牌。

吉普车的成功催生了整个休闲四轮驱动车和SUV类别，使“四轮驱动”成为家喻户晓的术语，并衍生出众多军用轻型多用途车辆的化身。2010年，美国企业研究所称吉普车是“汽车史上最具影响力的设计之一”。其“车轮上的沙丁鱼罐头”轮廓和开槽格栅使其具有极高的辨识度，并已演变为目前生产的Jeep Wrangler，其外观仍与最初的吉普车设计大体相似。

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Gallery

图片资料

A 1941 Bantam achieving total lift-off, loaded with a 3-man crew, and towing a 37mm anti-tank gun. "Flying Jeep" photos like this one inspired posters and perhaps the 'Leaping Lena' nickname.
A 1941 Bantam achieving total lift-off, loaded with a 3-man crew, and towing a 37mm anti-tank gun. "Flying Jeep" photos like this one inspired posters and perhaps the 'Leaping Lena' nickname.
Bantam 's first prototype, shown in front of the already new for 1940, "light" half-ton, 4×4 Dodge VC-1 Command Car , graphically shows the radically new 1 ⁄ 4 ‑ton concept. [ 24 ]
Bantam 's first prototype, shown in front of the already new for 1940, "light" half-ton, 4×4 Dodge VC-1 Command Car , graphically shows the radically new 1 ⁄ 4 ‑ton concept. [ 24 ]
General Dwight D. Eisenhower , here in his jeep in summer 1944, wrote that the jeep was "one of the six most vital" U.S. vehicles to win the war
General Dwight D. Eisenhower , here in his jeep in summer 1944, wrote that the jeep was "one of the six most vital" U.S. vehicles to win the war
U.S. Indian motorcycle and sidecar, with M1914 Colt Machine Gun, 1917
U.S. Indian motorcycle and sidecar, with M1914 Colt Machine Gun, 1917
British military motorcycle dispatch rider, 1914 World War I
British military motorcycle dispatch rider, 1914 World War I
Colonel Davidson anti-aircraft semi-armored Cadillac, 1909
Colonel Davidson anti-aircraft semi-armored Cadillac, 1909
Nash Quad 2‑ton ammunitions truck, 1918
Nash Quad 2‑ton ammunitions truck, 1918
Japan-fielded 1935 Kurogane Type 95 4×4 scout car (captured at the 1939 Battle of Khalkhin Gol )
Japan-fielded 1935 Kurogane Type 95 4×4 scout car (captured at the 1939 Battle of Khalkhin Gol )
The 1940 Dodge G-505 VC-series (Command Car shown) were the first light U.S. military 4WD vehicles, bought in production quantity, [ nb 19 ] during WWII, and for years nicknamed "jeeps" by the soldiers.
The 1940 Dodge G-505 VC-series (Command Car shown) were the first light U.S. military 4WD vehicles, bought in production quantity, [ nb 19 ] during WWII, and for years nicknamed "jeeps" by the soldiers.
Initial 1 ⁄ 4 ‑ton truck specifications (Ordnance Technical Committee; 1940)
Initial 1 ⁄ 4 ‑ton truck specifications (Ordnance Technical Committee; 1940)
American Bantam's first Reconnaissance Car (BRC) prototype, "Old Number One" – note fully rounded front fenders
American Bantam's first Reconnaissance Car (BRC) prototype, "Old Number One" – note fully rounded front fenders
The further 70 Bantam Mk-II prototypes, often called 'BRC-60', [ nb 21 ] kept a round hood and grille, but square front fenders with short side steps. Shown #7, nicknamed "Gramps," owned by the Smithsonian museum. [ 78 ]
The further 70 Bantam Mk-II prototypes, often called 'BRC-60', [ nb 21 ] kept a round hood and grille, but square front fenders with short side steps. Shown #7, nicknamed "Gramps," owned by the Smithsonian museum. [ 78 ]
Conforming to specification, American Bantam delivered the last eight 1940 Mk. II prototypes with four-wheel steering.
Conforming to specification, American Bantam delivered the last eight 1940 Mk. II prototypes with four-wheel steering.
Ford GPA amphibious jeep
Ford GPA amphibious jeep
Willys jeep interior with radio
Willys jeep interior with radio
British SAS jeep, armed with Vickers K machine gun for driver and twin Vickers K for the co-driver
British SAS jeep, armed with Vickers K machine gun for driver and twin Vickers K for the co-driver
Jeep with rear baggage rack (Netherlands, 1944); note that the spare wheel was relocated to the rear right side
Jeep with rear baggage rack (Netherlands, 1944); note that the spare wheel was relocated to the rear right side
Ambulance jeeps often had racks for two litter patients front and back
Ambulance jeeps often had racks for two litter patients front and back
WV-6 snorkel kit for deep water fording, from TM9-2853 (1945)
WV-6 snorkel kit for deep water fording, from TM9-2853 (1945)
Holden-modified WW II ambulance jeep for the U.S.M.C. in the Pacific War . Note that the medical supplies locker is in place of the right front seat. Source: National Archives
Holden-modified WW II ambulance jeep for the U.S.M.C. in the Pacific War . Note that the medical supplies locker is in place of the right front seat. Source: National Archives
Holden -modified MB/GPW jeep field-ambulance for U.S.M.C. in the Pacific War, series I. Series II and III were made some 6 inches (15 cm) taller.
Holden -modified MB/GPW jeep field-ambulance for U.S.M.C. in the Pacific War, series I. Series II and III were made some 6 inches (15 cm) taller.
One of thirty-six Crosley CT-3 'Pup' extra-light, 4WD mini-jeep prototypes
One of thirty-six Crosley CT-3 'Pup' extra-light, 4WD mini-jeep prototypes
Preparing for the July 1943 Sicily campaign : a jeep is loaded onto an American Waco CG-4 A glider plane.
Preparing for the July 1943 Sicily campaign : a jeep is loaded onto an American Waco CG-4 A glider plane.
1941 exp. 37mm anti-tank GMC prototype on a Bantam BRC-40 T2E1, as the 1 ⁄ 4 ‑ton car itself was still in development.
1941 exp. 37mm anti-tank GMC prototype on a Bantam BRC-40 T2E1, as the 1 ⁄ 4 ‑ton car itself was still in development.
Jeep with a 37mm cannon and a belt-fed, water-cooled, rapid-fire Browning M1917A1 machine gun in U.S. 3rd Infantry, Newfoundland, 1942
Jeep with a 37mm cannon and a belt-fed, water-cooled, rapid-fire Browning M1917A1 machine gun in U.S. 3rd Infantry, Newfoundland, 1942
Experimental rocket-artillery jeep, Inyokern Naval Air Facility, Jan 1945
Experimental rocket-artillery jeep, Inyokern Naval Air Facility, Jan 1945
Willys T14, rearwards firing 37 mm gun motor carriage (GMC)—the first 6×6 "Super-Jeep"
Willys T14, rearwards firing 37 mm gun motor carriage (GMC)—the first 6×6 "Super-Jeep"
Willys MT-TUG, 3 ⁄ 4 ‑ton 6×6 Tractor/"Super-Jeep"; picture from TM10-1513 manual supplement
Willys MT-TUG, 3 ⁄ 4 ‑ton 6×6 Tractor/"Super-Jeep"; picture from TM10-1513 manual supplement
Willys MLW-2 pickup, 1 ⁄ 2 ‑ton, 4×4, "Light Jungle" prototype initially rode on 36-inch (91 cm) wheels and tires, and had a whole new rear, with a tailgate
Willys MLW-2 pickup, 1 ⁄ 2 ‑ton, 4×4, "Light Jungle" prototype initially rode on 36-inch (91 cm) wheels and tires, and had a whole new rear, with a tailgate
T28 experimental Willys MT based, half-track litter-carrier.
T28 experimental Willys MT based, half-track litter-carrier.
America tested armoring jeeps for reconnaissance (reenactment car).
America tested armoring jeeps for reconnaissance (reenactment car).
The T24 Scout Car was built on a 6×6 Willys MT "Super-Jeep" chassis.
The T24 Scout Car was built on a 6×6 Willys MT "Super-Jeep" chassis.
The Canadian "Tracked Jeep" Mk . 1 in the Canadian War Museum . [ 116 ]
The Canadian "Tracked Jeep" Mk . 1 in the Canadian War Museum . [ 116 ]
Canadian WWII poster for savings certificates . The vehicle resembles a British Standard Beaverette armored car
Canadian WWII poster for savings certificates . The vehicle resembles a British Standard Beaverette armored car
Hafner Rotabuggy in flight
Hafner Rotabuggy in flight
All three light U.S. 4×4 trucks, nicknamed "jeeps" in World War II. From left to right: Willys MA 1 ⁄ 4 ‑ton, Dodge WC 3 ⁄ 4 ‑ton, Dodge WC 1 ⁄ 2 ‑ton.
All three light U.S. 4×4 trucks, nicknamed "jeeps" in World War II. From left to right: Willys MA 1 ⁄ 4 ‑ton, Dodge WC 3 ⁄ 4 ‑ton, Dodge WC 1 ⁄ 2 ‑ton.
Willys wartime ad promoting the Jeeps' contribution to the war effort – in particular used by the Seabees [ nb 30 ]
Willys wartime ad promoting the Jeeps' contribution to the war effort – in particular used by the Seabees [ nb 30 ]
In 1941, Willys publicly showed off their MA's off-road capabilities, like by stair-climbing on Capitol Hill
In 1941, Willys publicly showed off their MA's off-road capabilities, like by stair-climbing on Capitol Hill
Early production 1 ⁄ 4 ‑tons like this American Bantam BRC-40 in the Philippines, were the first to see action, with allied British or Soviet forces (1941).
Early production 1 ⁄ 4 ‑tons like this American Bantam BRC-40 in the Philippines, were the first to see action, with allied British or Soviet forces (1941).
The British Special Air Service used heavily armed jeeps in North Africa missions.
The British Special Air Service used heavily armed jeeps in North Africa missions.
Two jeeps leading a British column of Universal Carriers and a Sexton self-propelled gun. Caen, 1944
Two jeeps leading a British column of Universal Carriers and a Sexton self-propelled gun. Caen, 1944
Willys MB used by former Philippine President Ramon Magsaysay
Willys MB used by former Philippine President Ramon Magsaysay
Jeepney
Jeepney
Once the jeep's design had converged, and was standardized, Ford and Willys built some 640,000 jeeps virtually identical to this 1944 MB.
Once the jeep's design had converged, and was standardized, Ford and Willys built some 640,000 jeeps virtually identical to this 1944 MB.