Vietnam War
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Vietnam War

车辆背景与资料

1,170,000名军人受伤 ≈1,000,000人被俘

越南战争(1955年11月1日 – 1975年4月30日)是一场在越南、老挝和柬埔寨进行的武装冲突,交战双方为北越(越南民主共和国)与南越(越南共和国)及其盟友。北越得到苏联和中国的支持,而南越则得到美国和其他反共国家的支持。这场冲突是第二次印度支那战争,也是苏联与美国之间冷战的一场代理人战争。越南战争是后殖民时代的民族解放战争之一,是冷战的一个战场,也是一场内战,内战从一开始就是其显著特征。美国的直接军事介入从1965年开始升级,直至1973年美军撤离。战火蔓延至老挝和柬埔寨内战,最终导致三国在1975年全部成为共产主义国家。

在始于1946年的第一次印度支那战争中法国联盟被击败后,越南在1954年日内瓦会议上获得独立,但被北纬17度线一分为二:胡志明领导的越盟控制了北越,而吴庭艳则领导南越,美国承担了对南越的财政和军事支持。北越向越共(VC)——一个由南方持不同政见者组成的统一战线——提供补给并最终进行指挥,该组织从1957年开始加剧了游击战。1958年,北越入侵老挝,建立了胡志明小道以支援越共叛乱。到1961年,北越已秘密派遣其越南人民军(PAVN)士兵协助南方叛乱分子。约翰·F·肯尼迪总统在1960年代初增加了美国的介入,包括向越南共和国军(ARVN)派遣军事顾问和提供援助。1963年,吴庭艳在美国支持的ARVN军事政变中被杀,这加剧了南越日益增长的不稳定。

1964年东京湾事件后,美国国会通过一项决议,授权林登·B·约翰逊总统在不宣战的情况下增加军事存在。约翰逊对北方发动了轰炸行动并部署作战部队,到1966年部署人数急剧增加至184,000人,到1969年达到536,000人。美军依靠空中优势和压倒性的火力在农村地区进行搜索和摧毁行动。共产主义力量则依靠游击战术,利用乡村和丛林作为隐蔽的基地。

1968年,黎笋领导的共产党发动了春节攻势,这是一次战术失败,但使许多美国人相信这场战争无法取胜。约翰逊的继任者理查德·尼克松从1969年开始推行“越南化”,即由扩大的ARVN继续作战,同时美军撤离。1970年柬埔寨政变导致PAVN入侵和美国-ARVN的反入侵,升级了其内战。

由于普遍的吸毒问题和士气低落,美军队伍受到严重削弱,到1972年已基本从越南撤出。然而,美军通过“后卫行动”为ARVN对抗北越大规模的复活节攻势提供了关键的空中支援。1973年《巴黎和平协定》签署后,最后一批美军撤离。该协定随后被北越违反,血腥战斗持续到1975年的春季攻势。由于多年的腐败和南越阮文绍政权的经济困境,西贡被PAVN攻陷,标志着战争的结束。南北越于1976年正式统一。

战争付出了巨大的代价:越南军民死亡人数估计在97万至300万之间。约有27.5万至31万柬埔寨人、2万至6.2万老挝人和58,220名美国军人阵亡。战争还以残酷的暴行为标志,包括双方进行的大规模屠杀(如顺化和美莱村事件)、恐怖主义、无差别轰炸、强奸、酷刑和对少数民族的迫害。

战后的政治压迫和有缺陷的经济政策引发了越南船民危机和更大规模的印度支那难民危机,数百万人离开印度支那,其中约25万人在海上丧生。南越20%的丛林被喷洒了有毒除草剂,导致严重的健康问题。红色高棉实施了柬埔寨种族灭绝,柬埔寨-越南战争于1978年爆发。作为回应,中国入侵越南,边境冲突持续到1991年。在美国国内,这场战争催生了“越南综合症”,即对美国海外军事介入的反感,这与水门事件一起,加剧了整个1970年代影响美国的信任危机。

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图片资料

Bảo Đại (right) as the "supreme advisor" to the government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam led by president Ho Chi Minh (left), September 1945.
Bảo Đại (right) as the "supreme advisor" to the government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam led by president Ho Chi Minh (left), September 1945.
The 1954 Geneva Conference
The 1954 Geneva Conference
Caricature in a periodical criticizing the division of Vietnam by foreign powers at Geneva
Caricature in a periodical criticizing the division of Vietnam by foreign powers at Geneva
Anti-Bảo Đại revolutionists of the State of Vietnam at city hall, Saigon, May 1955.
Anti-Bảo Đại revolutionists of the State of Vietnam at city hall, Saigon, May 1955.
U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Secretary of State John Foster Dulles greet President Ngô Đình Diệm of South Vietnam in Washington, 8 May 1957
U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Secretary of State John Foster Dulles greet President Ngô Đình Diệm of South Vietnam in Washington, 8 May 1957
President Kennedy's news conference of 23 March 1961
President Kennedy's news conference of 23 March 1961
President Kennedy meeting with Secretary of Defense McNamara , in June 1962
President Kennedy meeting with Secretary of Defense McNamara , in June 1962
ARVN forces capture a Viet Cong
ARVN forces capture a Viet Cong
A U.S. B-66 Destroyer and four F-105 Thunderchiefs dropping bombs on North Vietnam during Operation Rolling Thunder
A U.S. B-66 Destroyer and four F-105 Thunderchiefs dropping bombs on North Vietnam during Operation Rolling Thunder
ARVN Forces and a US Advisor inspect a downed helicopter, Battle of Dong Xoai , June 1965
ARVN Forces and a US Advisor inspect a downed helicopter, Battle of Dong Xoai , June 1965
A Marine from 1st Battalion, 3rd Marines , moves a suspected Viet Cong during a search and clear operation held by the battalion 15 miles (24 km) west of Da Nang Air Base , 1965.
A Marine from 1st Battalion, 3rd Marines , moves a suspected Viet Cong during a search and clear operation held by the battalion 15 miles (24 km) west of Da Nang Air Base , 1965.
Peasants suspected of being Viet Cong under detention of U.S. Army, 1966
Peasants suspected of being Viet Cong under detention of U.S. Army, 1966
Viet Cong before departing to participate in the Tet Offensive around Saigon-Gia Dinh
Viet Cong before departing to participate in the Tet Offensive around Saigon-Gia Dinh
ARVN forces assault a stronghold in the Mekong Delta
ARVN forces assault a stronghold in the Mekong Delta
The ruins of a section of Saigon, in the Cholon neighborhood, following fierce fighting between ARVN forces and Viet Cong Main Force battalions
The ruins of a section of Saigon, in the Cholon neighborhood, following fierce fighting between ARVN forces and Viet Cong Main Force battalions
Propaganda leaflet urging the defection of Viet Cong and North Vietnamese to the side of the Republic of Vietnam
Propaganda leaflet urging the defection of Viet Cong and North Vietnamese to the side of the Republic of Vietnam
ARVN and US Special Forces, 1968
ARVN and US Special Forces, 1968
An alleged Viet Cong captured during an attack on an American outpost near the Cambodian border is interrogated.
An alleged Viet Cong captured during an attack on an American outpost near the Cambodian border is interrogated.
PAVN artillery bombards ARVN positions near Kon Tum. 1972.
PAVN artillery bombards ARVN positions near Kon Tum. 1972.
Soviet advisers inspecting the debris of a B-52 downed in the vicinity of Hanoi
Soviet advisers inspecting the debris of a B-52 downed in the vicinity of Hanoi
American POWs recently released from North Vietnamese prison camps, 1973
American POWs recently released from North Vietnamese prison camps, 1973
Memorial commemorating the 1974 Buon Me Thuot campaign, depicting a Montagnard of the Central Highlands , a NVA soldier and a T-54 tank
Memorial commemorating the 1974 Buon Me Thuot campaign, depicting a Montagnard of the Central Highlands , a NVA soldier and a T-54 tank
The capture of Hue, March 1975
The capture of Hue, March 1975
Victorious PAVN troops at the Presidential Palace, Saigon
Victorious PAVN troops at the Presidential Palace, Saigon
The 1967 March on the Pentagon , an anti-war demonstration organized by the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam
The 1967 March on the Pentagon , an anti-war demonstration organized by the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam
Soviet air defense instructors and North Vietnamese crewmen in the spring of 1965 at an air defense training center in Vietnam
Soviet air defense instructors and North Vietnamese crewmen in the spring of 1965 at an air defense training center in Vietnam
Victims of the My Lai massacre
Victims of the My Lai massacre
"The Terror of War" by Nick Ut , which won the 1973 Pulitzer Prize for Spot News Photography , showing a nine-year-old girl running down a road after being severely burned by napalm.
"The Terror of War" by Nick Ut , which won the 1973 Pulitzer Prize for Spot News Photography , showing a nine-year-old girl running down a road after being severely burned by napalm.
Infant victim of 1967 Đắk Sơn massacre
Infant victim of 1967 Đắk Sơn massacre
Burial services for victims of the 1968 Huế massacre
Burial services for victims of the 1968 Huế massacre
A nurse treats a Vietnamese child, 1967
A nurse treats a Vietnamese child, 1967
A wounded Black American soldier being evacuated during the My Lai Massacre
A wounded Black American soldier being evacuated during the My Lai Massacre
Guerrillas assemble shells and rockets delivered along the Ho Chi Minh Trail.
Guerrillas assemble shells and rockets delivered along the Ho Chi Minh Trail.
B-52 wreckage in Huu Tiep Lake, Hanoi. Downed during Operation Linebacker II , its remains have been turned into a war monument .
B-52 wreckage in Huu Tiep Lake, Hanoi. Downed during Operation Linebacker II , its remains have been turned into a war monument .
Vietnamese refugees fleeing Vietnam, 1984
Vietnamese refugees fleeing Vietnam, 1984
A young Marine private waits on the beach during the Marine landing, Da Nang , 3 August 1965
A young Marine private waits on the beach during the Marine landing, Da Nang , 3 August 1965
A marine gets his wounds treated during operations in Huế City, in 1968
A marine gets his wounds treated during operations in Huế City, in 1968
US helicopter spraying chemical defoliants in the Mekong Delta , South Vietnam, 1969
US helicopter spraying chemical defoliants in the Mekong Delta , South Vietnam, 1969
Handicapped children in Vietnam, most of them victims of Agent Orange , 2004
Handicapped children in Vietnam, most of them victims of Agent Orange , 2004
Stone plaque with photo of the Thương tiếc ("Mourning Soldier") statue, originally, installed at the Republic of Vietnam National Military Cemetery . The original statue was demolished after April 1975.
Stone plaque with photo of the Thương tiếc ("Mourning Soldier") statue, originally, installed at the Republic of Vietnam National Military Cemetery . The original statue was demolished after April 1975.