Korean War
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Korean War

车辆背景与资料

朝鲜战争(1950年6月25日至1953年7月27日)是一场在朝鲜半岛上,由朝鲜民主主义人民共和国(DPRK)与大韩民国(ROK)及其盟友之间进行的武装冲突。朝鲜得到了中国和苏联的支持,而韩国则得到了由美国领导、在联合国军司令部(UNC)框架下运作的联合国部队的支持。这场冲突是冷战时期最早的几场重大代理人战争之一,也是对非战斗人员造成最惨重伤亡的冲突之一,据估计战争期间有150万至300万平民丧生。这场战争是联合国安理会首次授权根据《联合国宪章》第七章使用武力。

1945年第二次世界大战结束后,被日本殖民统治了35年的朝鲜,被苏联和美国以北纬38度线为界划分为两个占领区,并计划建立一个未来的独立国家。由于政治分歧,两个占领区在1948年分别成立了自己的政府。朝鲜由金日成在平壤领导,韩国由李承晚在首尔领导;双方都声称自己是全朝鲜唯一的合法政府。李承晚政府镇压了济州和丽水-顺天的社会主义起义,双方还发生了大量边境冲突。1950年6月25日,由苏联提供装备和训练的朝鲜人民军(KPA)发动了对南方的入侵。在苏联代表缺席的情况下,联合国安理会谴责了这次袭击,并呼吁成员国提供军事援助以击退入侵。由统一指挥的联合国部队由21个国家组成,其中美国提供了约90%的军事人员。1950年6月27日,哈里·S·杜鲁门总统命令美国空军和海军援助韩国。

首尔于6月28日被朝鲜人民军占领,到8月初,韩国陆军(ROKA)及其盟友几乎被击败,仅在半岛东南部的釜山环形防御圈坚守。9月15日,联合国部队在首尔附近的仁川登陆,切断了朝鲜人民军的部队和补给线。联合国部队于9月18日突破环形防御圈,夺回首尔,并于10月入侵朝鲜,占领平壤并向鸭绿江(与中国接壤)推进。10月19日,中国人民志愿军(PVA)跨过鸭绿江,加入朝鲜一方参战。联合国部队在12月随着中国人民志愿军的第一和第二次攻势而从朝鲜撤退。共产主义军队在1951年1月再次占领首尔,但在两个月后被联合国的反攻夺回。在中国春季攻势失败后,联合国部队重新夺回了大致延伸至北纬38度线的领土。停战谈判于1951年7月开始,但由于战斗演变为消耗战,且朝鲜在联合国轰炸下遭受了毁灭性打击,几乎所有主要城市都被摧毁,谈判拖延不决。

战斗于1953年7月27日随着《朝鲜停战协定》的签署而结束,该协定允许交换战俘,并沿前线建立了一个4公里宽(2.5英里)的非军事区(DMZ),在板门店设立了一个共同警备区。这场工业化战争的特点是装甲攻势,包括朝鲜初期的入侵以及后来联合国部队的攻势、中国军队的坑道战,以及首次大规模喷气式飞机空战。这场冲突导致约100万军人死亡,估计有150万至300万平民死亡。据称的战争罪行包括韩国对所谓共产党人的大规模屠杀、朝鲜对首尔国立大学医院的屠杀,以及联合国军司令部对朝鲜的地毯式轰炸。朝鲜成为历史上遭受轰炸最严重的国家之一。至今没有签署和平条约;朝鲜冲突仍是一场冻结的冲突,偶尔会爆发,例如1966年至1969年的非军事区冲突。

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图片资料

Hundreds of thousands of South Koreans fled south in mid-1950 after the North Korean army invaded
Hundreds of thousands of South Koreans fled south in mid-1950 after the North Korean army invaded
President Truman signing a proclamation declaring a national emergency and authorizing U.S. entry into the Korean War
President Truman signing a proclamation declaring a national emergency and authorizing U.S. entry into the Korean War
A U.S. howitzer position near the Kum River, 15 July 1950
A U.S. howitzer position near the Kum River, 15 July 1950
A soldier of the Dutch detachment of the UN forces in North Korea prepares to return sniper fire, 1952
A soldier of the Dutch detachment of the UN forces in North Korea prepares to return sniper fire, 1952
G.I. comforting a grieving infantryman
G.I. comforting a grieving infantryman
Crew of an U.S. M24 Chaffee tank along the Nakdong River front, August 1950
Crew of an U.S. M24 Chaffee tank along the Nakdong River front, August 1950
M26 Pershing tanks during the Second Battle of Seoul in September 1950. In the foreground, UN troops round up North Korean prisoners-of-war.
M26 Pershing tanks during the Second Battle of Seoul in September 1950. In the foreground, UN troops round up North Korean prisoners-of-war.
US Air Force attacking railroads south of Wonsan on the eastern coast of North Korea
US Air Force attacking railroads south of Wonsan on the eastern coast of North Korea
Chinese forces cross the frozen Yalu River
Chinese forces cross the frozen Yalu River
Soldiers from the US 2nd Infantry Division in action near the Ch'ongch'on River (20 November 1950)
Soldiers from the US 2nd Infantry Division in action near the Ch'ongch'on River (20 November 1950)
B-26 Invaders bomb logistics depots in Wonsan, North Korea, 1951
B-26 Invaders bomb logistics depots in Wonsan, North Korea, 1951
U.S. Marines move out over rugged mountain terrain while closing with North Korean forces
U.S. Marines move out over rugged mountain terrain while closing with North Korean forces
British UN troops advance alongside a Centurion tank , March 1951
British UN troops advance alongside a Centurion tank , March 1951
U.S. M46 Patton tanks, painted with tiger heads thought to demoralize Chinese forces
U.S. M46 Patton tanks, painted with tiger heads thought to demoralize Chinese forces
New Zealand artillery crew in action, 1952
New Zealand artillery crew in action, 1952
Men from the Royal Australian Regiment , June 1953
Men from the Royal Australian Regiment , June 1953
Delegates sign the Korean Armistice Agreement in P'anmunjŏm
Delegates sign the Korean Armistice Agreement in P'anmunjŏm
U.S. Army officer confers with South Korean soldiers at Observation Post (OP) Ouellette, viewing northward, in April 2008
U.S. Army officer confers with South Korean soldiers at Observation Post (OP) Ouellette, viewing northward, in April 2008
U.S. soldiers of the 5th Cavalry Regiment examine a captured North Korean T-34 tank, Waegwan , eastern South Korea
U.S. soldiers of the 5th Cavalry Regiment examine a captured North Korean T-34 tank, Waegwan , eastern South Korea
A 307th Bomb Group B-29 on a day-bombing mission in Korea, c. 1951
A 307th Bomb Group B-29 on a day-bombing mission in Korea, c. 1951
To disrupt North Korean communications, USS Missouri fires a salvo from its 16-inch guns at shore targets near Chongjin , North Korea, 21 October 1950
To disrupt North Korean communications, USS Missouri fires a salvo from its 16-inch guns at shore targets near Chongjin , North Korea, 21 October 1950
Mark 4 bomb, seen on display, transferred to the 9th Bombardment Wing, Heavy
Mark 4 bomb, seen on display, transferred to the 9th Bombardment Wing, Heavy
Korean War memorials are found in every UN Command Korean War participant country; this one is in Pretoria , South Africa
Korean War memorials are found in every UN Command Korean War participant country; this one is in Pretoria , South Africa
South Korean soldiers walk among the bodies of political prisoners executed near Daejon, July 1950
South Korean soldiers walk among the bodies of political prisoners executed near Daejon, July 1950
Civilians killed during a night battle near Yongsan, August 1950
Civilians killed during a night battle near Yongsan, August 1950
The Korean Peninsula at night, shown in a 2017 composite photograph from NASA
The Korean Peninsula at night, shown in a 2017 composite photograph from NASA
North Koreans touring the Museum of American War Atrocities in 2009
North Koreans touring the Museum of American War Atrocities in 2009
Memorial at Andersonville National Historic Site
Memorial at Andersonville National Historic Site